As an integral part of our daily lives, the Internet has become an essential means for obtaining
information and communicating with distant, yet close, individuals. The ease of contact and sharing of information
and opinions it provides, namely on social or political issues, has the potential to encourage social mobilization.
Political activists have turned to the Internet and social networks to share their causes and gain wider support.
Thus emerges a form of Internet activism that resorts to the use of social media hashtags to spread a cause and promote
civic engagement and social mobilization, creating an engagement chain. However, following a hashtag, as an indicator
of adherence to a cause, does not necessarily mean taking concrete action to advance that cause.
#Act!: Humanitarian Hashtag Activism addresses hashtags associated with human rights issues, visualizing their peaks
of relevance according to a mapping of the events that popularize them.
This visualization is presented on a website
allowing a comparison of the temporal evolution of hashtags, which are organized by themes such as Racial Equality,
Women's Rights, Political Activism, LGBTQ+ Rights, Disability Rights, Justice, and Solidarity. A brochure complements
the website providing information on the hashtags selected according to their relevance and impact, further addressing
the motivations and consequences of this form of activism.
Assuming that the hashtag provides a means to localize discourse about a cause and foster its broader discussion, the
project provides an overview of humanitarian activism in the context of social media, as essential means for the communication
and dissemination of ideas.
Access the print publication here
Maria Adriana Marques
Projeto II, Laboratório II
Mestrado em DC, FBAUL, 2021-2022
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2019
Event: The Death of Uyinene Mrwetyana, an indigenous woman, on august 24th, 2019, in Canada.
#aminext
Popularity: 100
Date: may 2014
Event: The plight of 276 schoolgirls kidnapped by the terrorist group Boko Haram on april 14th, 2014.
#bringbackourgirls
Popularity: 100
Date: july 2020
Event: The Free Britney Movement was a social movement started on the internet created by fans of the
American singer Britney Spears that demands the end of the guardianship exercised by her father, which
began in 2008. The movement became popular in 2019, after the emergence of complaints involving the time
when Spears was hospitalized in a psychiatric clinic earlier in the year.
#freebritney
Popularity: 100
Date: march 2012
Event: Many remember Kony 2012 as a YouTube video that went viral overnight, a 30-minute film about
a war criminal, Joseph Kony and the organization he leads, which actions provoked a conflict once
labeled “the most neglected humanitarian crisis in the world”. The purpose of the film was to make him
famous, since fame would justify the involvement of the United States of America in Kony's capture.
#kony2012
Popularity: 100
Date: may 2014
Event: The campaign was inspired by an emotional plea against gun violence made by Richard Martinez,
the father of a victim of the Isla Vista Killings, who urged Americans to contact their local lawmakers
and ask for stricter gun-control legislation in a press conference held on the day after local lawmakers.
#notonemore
Popularity: 100
Date: june 2018
Event: In 2012, following several high-profile murders and suicides of queer and trans youth, Janet Mock
was moved to become a more outspoken trans activist and created the hashtag.
#girlslikeus
Popularity: 100
Date: june 2015
Event: The Human Rights Campaign (HRC), the nation's largest LGBT civil rights organization, looked to
elevate the conversation around marriage equality throughout 2015 using a broad-based digital marketing
campaign about loving, committed same-sex couples and the Supreme Court's impending decision.
#lovewins
Popularity: 100
Date: april 2017
Event: The casting of hearing actors in deaf character roles in the films "Avenged", "Medeas", and "Hush".
#deaftalent
Popularity: 100
Date: august 2014
Event: The National Fallen Firefighters Foundation popularized the "Ice Bucket Challenge" in early
2014 to raise funds as an unsanctioned spin-off of the polar plunge most widely used by Special Olympics
as a fundraiser.
#icebucketchallenge
Popularity: 100
Date: december 2021
Event: #OwnVoices was created as a hashtag by author Corinne Duyvis in September 2015. It was originated
with the intention of advertising puto books about characters from underrepresented/marginalized groups in
which the author shares the same identity.
#ownvoices
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2018
Event: The hashtag was created in Brazil on September 12, 2018 by the Facebook group "Mulheres Unidas Contra
Bolsonaro". It appeared as an opposition to Jair Bolsonaro and was motivated by alleged sexist declarations of
the candidate and accusations of threats to democracy.
#elenao
Popularity: 100
Date: december 2012
Event: Idle No More started among Treaty People in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta
protesting the Canadian government’s dismantling of environmental protection laws, endangering
First Nations who live on the land.
#idlenomore
Popularity: 100
Date: march 2018
Event: On February 14, 2018, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz opened fire on students and staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas
High School in Parkland, Florida, murdering 17 people and injuring 17 others. This incident was described by several
media outlets as a possible tipping point for gun control legislation.
#marchforourlives
Popularity: 100
Date: february 2018
Event: On february 14, 2018, former Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School student Nicholas Cruz, opened fire
at the school in Parkland, Florida, killing 17 students and staff members.
#neveragain
Popularity: 100
Date: january 2017
Event: The social media reaction to President Donald Trump’s travel ban on entry into the
United States from certain countries. On January 25, 2017, Executive Order 13769, which came into effect
from January to March was released by the President. Officially titled “Protecting the
Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States”, news reports and social media quickly began
to refer to the executive order as the “Muslim Ban”.
#nobannowall
Popularity: 100
Date: january 2017
Event: The hashtag reflected a grassroots campaign that began in early 2016 in reaction to the approved
construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in the northern United States. The Standing Rock Sioux and
allied organizations took legal action aimed at stopping construction of the project, while youth from
the reservation began a social media campaign which gradually evolved into a larger movement.
#nodalp
Popularity: 100
Date: october 2011
Event: On july 13, the Canadian anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest.
The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and
the undue influence of corporations on government - particularly from the financial services sector.
#occupywallstreet
Popularity: 100
Date: august 2016
Event: There have been ongoing protests by the Oromo people - one of the largest ethnic groups of Ethiopia -
since November 2015, against discrimination. On October 9, 2016, the government declared a state of emergency,
giving security forces and the army new sweeping powers, fuelling the protests.
#oromoprotests
Popularity: 100
Date: october 2014
Event: The movement was sparked by the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
of the People's Republic of China (NPCSC) of 31 August 2014 that prescribed a selective pre-screening of
candidates for the 2017 election of Hong Kong's chief executive.
#umbrellarevolution
Popularity: 100
Date: may 2014
Event: The organization Giving Tuesday had almost a 240% increase this year, generating $45.7 million.
#givingtuesday
Popularity: 100
Date: january 2015
Event: On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 a.m. CET local time, two French Muslim terrorists and brothers,
Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris.
Armed with rifles and other weapons, they killed 12 people and injured 11 others.
#jesuischarlie
Popularity: 100
Date: march 2011
Event: The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that killed many people and left countless people homeless.
The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0–9.1.
#prayforjapan
Popularity: 100
Date: november 2015
Event: A series of terrorist attacks that took place on the night of November 13, 2015, in Paris and Saint-Denis, France.
#prayforparis
Popularity: 100
Date: november 2016
Event: Stop Funding Hate began when a group of people came together online to express concern at the way certain
newspapers were using hate and division to drive sales. UK's newspapers like the Sun, Daily Mail and Daily Express
were confronted for their sustained attack on refugees and migrants.
#stopfundinghate
Popularity: 100
Date: march 2015
Event: The #sosblakaustralia campaign to stop the forced removal of Aboriginal people from their communities, has been the
community led response to the pressure points that have been inundating our communities by incumbent state and federal governments.
#sosblakaustralia
Popularity: 100
Date: june 2020
Event: On the evening of May 25, 2020, white Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin kills George Floyd, a Black man,
by kneeling on his neck for almost 10 minutes. The death, recorded by bystanders, touched off what may have been the
largest protest movement in U.S. history and a nationwide reckoning on race and policing.
#blacklivesmatter
Popularity: 100
Date: november 2014
Event: On August 9, 2014, at 12:03 p.m., an unarmed black teenager named Michael Brown was fatally shot by a police
officer in Ferguson, Missouri, a small town on the outskirts of St. Louis.
#ferguson
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2015
Event: The arrest of Ahmed Mohamed for bringing a self-assembled digital clock to school in September 2015.
#istandwithahmed
Popularity: 100
Date: august 2015
Event: The hashtag was started by a southern California high-schooler after controversial comments by
Republican presidential candidate at the time Jeb Bush that refered to Asian people as “anchor babies.”.
#myasianamericanstory
Popularity: 100
Date: november 2015
Event: Was formed by activists Siyabulela Jentile and Themba Masango after the murder of the young Johannesburg
woman Karabo Makoena in 2017.
#notinmyname
Popularity: 100
Date: january 2016
Event: It was an immediate response to all 20 acting nominations for the year’s upcoming Academy Awards being given to white actors.
#oscarssowhite
Popularity: 100
Date: june 2020
Event: Black fantasy author LL McKinney created the hashtag to expose racial disparities in pay in the publishing industry.
#publishingpaidme
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2017
Event: During the NFL preseason in 2016, in which 49ers quarterck at the time, Colin Kaepernick, refused to stand up for
the national anthem. When asked for an explanation, Kaepernick stated that the act of taking a knee during the national anthem
was a form of protests against police brutality and criminal injustices against African-Americans.
#takeaknee
Popularity: 100
Date: october 2016
Event: New York Times deputy Metro editor Michael Luo wrote "An Open Letter to the Woman Who Told My
Family To Go Back to China". This piece followed up on a Twitter conversation he had initiated, #thisis2016,
which brought out hundreds of stories of fellow Asian Americans who had been treated as perpetual foreigners.
#thisis2016
Popularity: 100
Date: february 2017
Event: A report that Donald Trump wants his female staff “to dress like women” that sparked controversy.
#dresslikeawoman
Popularity: 100
Date: march 2015
Event: In 2015, the campaign received attention in Iceland after a teenage student activist posted
a photo of herself topless and was harassed for doing so.
#freethenipple
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2014
Event: When launching the movement in September 2014, Global Goodwill Ambassador Emma Watson delivered
an address at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, mainly focusing on the personal and
professional motivation for establishing HeForShe. The speech went viral.
#heforshe
Popularity: 100
Date: august 2015
Event: The campaign was based on a 2015 movement led by Isis Wenger, a female platform engineer
at OneLogin, who faced backlash after appearing in her company’s recruitment campaign.
#ilooklikeanengineer
Popularity: 100
Date: october 2017
Event: The movement gained momentum in 2017 when actress Alyssa Milano posted on her twitter
a request for all people who have experienced sexual harassment to use the hashtag #MeToo.
#metoo
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2015
Event: The campaign was started on September 19, 2015, by American activists Lindy West, Amelia
Bonow, and Kimberly Morrison, in response to efforts by the United States House of Representatives
to defund Planned Parenthood following the Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy.
#shoutyourabortion
Popularity: 100
Date: september 2014
Event: Became a trending hashtag in defense of domestic abuse victims after a media release of
security camera footage that appeared to show former Baltimore Ravens running back, Ray Rice,
punching his then-fiancee, Janay Rice, sparked public conversation on why Janay and other victims
of abuse choose to stay in abusive relationships. The hashtag was started by writer and domestic abuse
survivor Beverly Gooden via Twitter in an effort to "change the tone of the conversation".
#whyistayed
Popularity: 100
Date: january 2017
Event: It was prompted by several of Trump's statements being considered by many as anti-women or
otherwise offensive to women.
#womensmarch
Popularity: 100
Date: may 2014
Event: First used in online conversations about misogyny following the 2014 Isla Vista killings,
a series of misogynistic terror attacks in Isla Vista, California. On the evening of May 23,
22-year-old Elliot Rodger killed six people and injured fourteen others—by gunshot, stabbing
and vehicle ramming—near the campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).
#yesallwomen