- “TECNHOLOGY AND
THE HUMAN FACTOR”- "SYNOPSIS" >
- 1.TECHNOLOGY CAUSES AND EFFECTS >
- “It is often said that television has altered our world. In the same way, people often speak of a new world, a new society, a new phase of history, being created.”[5]
“If the technology is a cause, we can at best modify or seek to control its effects...” [5]
“Television is again, in effect, a technological accident, but its significance lies in its uses, which are held to be symptomatic of some order of society or some qualities of human naturewhich are otherwise determined.” [5]
“Television, like any other technology, becomes available as an element or a medium in a process of change...”[5]
- “It is often said that television has altered our world. In the same way, people often speak of a new world, a new society, a new phase of history, being created.”[5]
- 2.HUMAN-MACHINE >
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“The idea ofhuman-machine communication to some distinctive properties of computational artifacts, and to
the emergence of disciplines dedicated to making those artifacts intelligent.” [6]
“The computer’s properties have inspired a practical effort at engineeringinteraction between people and machines. I argue that the description of computational artifacts as interactive is supported by their reactive, linguistic, and internally opaque properties.”[6]
-
“The idea ofhuman-machine communication to some distinctive properties of computational artifacts, and to
the emergence of disciplines dedicated to making those artifacts intelligent.” [6]
- 3.INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS >
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“The promise of interactive computer systems, in these terms, is a technology that can move instructional design away
from the written manual in the direction of the human coach, and the resources afforded by face-to-face interaction.” [6]
“Efforts at building self-explicating machines in their more sophisticated forms now adopt the metaphor of the machine as an expert, and the user as a novice, or student.” [6]
“Face - to - face human interactionis the paradigm case of asystem for communication that, because it is organized for maximum context-sensitivity, supports a response designed for just these recipients, on just this occasion.[6]
Interaction between people and machines implies mutual intelligibility, or shared understanding” [6]
-
“The promise of interactive computer systems, in these terms, is a technology that can move instructional design away
from the written manual in the direction of the human coach, and the resources afforded by face-to-face interaction.” [6]
- 4.COGNITIVE HUMAN ACTION >
- “ Cognitive science, in this respect, was a project to bring thought back into the study of human action,
while preserving the commitment to scientism. Cognitive science reclaims mentalist constructs such as beliefs, desires, intentions,
symbols, ideas, schemata, planning, and problem solving.” [6]
“Human purposes are the basis for cognitive psychology, but this time without the unconstrained speculation of the introspectionists. The study of cognition is to be empiricized not by a strict adherence to behaviorism, but by the use of a new technology: namely, the computer.” [6]
“If a theory of underlyingmental processes could be modeled on the computer so as to produce the right outward behavior, the theory could be viewed as having passed at least a sufficiency test of its psychological validity.”[6]
- “ Cognitive science, in this respect, was a project to bring thought back into the study of human action,
while preserving the commitment to scientism. Cognitive science reclaims mentalist constructs such as beliefs, desires, intentions,
symbols, ideas, schemata, planning, and problem solving.” [6]
- 5.USER-MACHINE INTERACTION >
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“(...)Each action by the user effects an immediate machine reaction.” [6]
“The greater reactivity of current computers, combined with the fact that, like any machine, the computer’s reactions are not random but by design, suggest the character of the computer as a purposeful, and, by association, as a social object.” [6]
interact with people in a way that approximates the behavior of an intelligent human expert or coach.And this second idea, that the artifact could actually interact instructively with the user, ties the practical problem of instruction to the theoretical problem of building an intelligent, interactive machine.” [6]
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“(...)Each action by the user effects an immediate machine reaction.” [6]
